Plaza-Díaz, JulioMolina-Montes, EstherSoto-Méndez, María JoséMadrigal, CasandraHernández-Ruiz, ÁngelaValero, TeresaLara Villoslada, FedericoLeis, RosauraMartínez de Victoria, EmilioMoreno, José ManuelOrtega, Rosa M.Ruiz-López, María DoloresVarela-Moreiras, GregorioGil, Ángel2022-08-092022-08-092020-08-21Plaza-Díaz J, Molina-Montes E, Soto-Méndez MJ, Madrigal C, Hernández-Ruiz Á, Valero T, et al. Clustering of Dietary Patterns and Lifestyles Among Spanish Children in the EsNuPI Study †. Nutrients. 2020 Aug 21;12(9):2536http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3896Dietary patterns (DPs) are known to be tied to lifestyle behaviors. Understanding DPs and their relationships with lifestyle factors can help to prevent children from engaging in unhealthy dietary practices. We aimed to describe DPs in Spanish children aged 1 to <10 years and to examine their associations with sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. The consumption of toddler and young children milk formulas, enriched and fortified milk within the Spanish pediatric population is increasing, and there is a lack of evidence whether the consumption of this type of milk is causing an impact on nutrient intakes and if they are helping to reach the nutrient recommendations. Within the Nutritional Study in the Spanish Pediatric Population (EsNuPI), we considered two study cohorts and three different age groups in three year-intervals in each of them. The study cohort included 740 children in a representative sample of the urban non-vegan Spanish population and 772 children in a convenience cohort of adapted milk consumers (AMS) (including follow-on formula, toddler's milk, growing up milk, and fortified and enriched milks) who provided information about sociodemographics, lifestyle, and dietary habits; a food frequency questionnaire was used for the latter. Principal component analysis was performed to identify DPs from 18 food groups. Food groups and sociodemographic/lifestyle variables were combined through a hierarchical cluster algorithm. Three DPs predominated in every age group and study sample: a palatable energy-dense food dietary pattern, and two Mediterranean-like DPs. However, children from the AMS showed a predominant dietary pattern markedly related to the Mediterranean diet, with high consumption of cereals, fruits and vegetables, as well as milk and dairy products. The age of children and certain lifestyle factors, namely level of physical activity, parental education, and household income, correlated closely with the dietary clusters. Thus, the findings provide insight into designing lifestyle interventions that could reverse the appearance of unhealthy DPs in the Spanish child population.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ChildrenCluster analysisDietary patternsPhysical activitySedentary behaviorNiñoAnálisis por gruposConducta alimentariaPhysical activityConducta sedentariaMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation::Quality of Health Care::Epidemiologic Factors::Age FactorsMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::AnimalsMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::ChildMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Child Nutritional Physiological PhenomenaMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Child::Child, PreschoolMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Cohort StudiesMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Digestive System and Oral Physiological Phenomena::Digestive System Physiological Phenomena::Digestive System Processes::EatingMedical Subject Headings::Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Human Activities::ExerciseMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Behavior::Feeding BehaviorMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Psychology, Social::Life StyleMedical Subject Headings::Technology and Food and Beverages::Food and Beverages::Food::Dairy Products::MilkMedical Subject Headings::Geographical Locations::Geographic Locations::Europe::SpainMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Population Characteristics::Population::Urban PopulationMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services::Health Promotionresearch article32825604open access10.3390/nu120925362072-6643PMC7551863