Ortega, Francisco BMora-Gonzalez, JoseCadenas-Sanchez, CristinaEsteban-Cornejo, IreneMigueles, Jairo HSolis-Urra, PatricioVerdejo-Román, JuanRodriguez-Ayllon, MaríaMolina-Garcia, PabloRuiz, Jonatan RMartinez-Vizcaino, VicenteHillman, Charles HErickson, Kirk IKramer, Arthur FLabayen, IdoiaCatena, Andrés2023-05-032023-05-032022-08-01http://hdl.handle.net/10668/22050Pediatric overweight and obesity are highly prevalent across the world, with implications for poorer cognitive and brain health. Exercise might potentially attenuate these adverse consequences. To investigate the effects of an exercise program on brain health indicators, including intelligence, executive function, academic performance, and brain outcomes, among children with overweight or obesity and to explore potential mediators and moderators of the main effects of exercise. All preexercise and postexercise data for this 20-week randomized clinical trial of 109 children aged 8 to 11 years with overweight or obesity were collected from November 21, 2014, to June 30, 2016, with neuroimaging data processing and analyses conducted between June 1, 2017, and December 20, 2021. All 109 children were included in the intention-to-treat analyses; 90 children (82.6%) completed the postexercise evaluation and attended 70% or more of the recommended exercise sessions and were included in per-protocol analyses. All participants received lifestyle recommendations. The control group continued their usual routines, whereas the exercise group attended a minimum of 3 supervised 90-minute sessions per week in an out-of-school setting. Intelligence, executive function (cognitive flexibility, inhibition, and working memory), and academic performance were assessed with standardized tests, and hippocampal volume was measured with magnetic resonance imaging. The 109 participants included 45 girls (41.3%); participants had a mean (SD) body mass index of 26.8 (3.6) and a mean (SD) age of 10.0 (1.1) years at baseline. In per-protocol analyses, the exercise intervention improved crystallized intelligence, with the exercise group improving from before exercise to after exercise (mean z score, 0.62 [95% CI, 0.44-0.80]) compared with the control group (mean z score, -0.10 [95% CI, -0.28 to 0.09]; difference between groups, 0.72 SDs [95% CI, 0.46-0.97]; P  In this randomized clinical trial, exercise positively affected intelligence and cognitive flexibility during development among children with overweight or obesity. However, the structural and functional brain changes responsible for these improvements were not identified. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT02295072.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/BrainChildExercise TherapyFemaleHumansMaleOutcome Assessment, Health CareOverweightPediatric Obesityresearch article36040742open access10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.278932574-3805PMC9428743https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/articlepdf/2795759/ortega_2022_oi_220794_1661197612.50567.pdf