Ludwa, Izabella A.Mongeon, KevinSanderson, MalcolmGracia Marco, LuisKlentrou, Panagiota2022-11-292022-11-292021-03-18Ludwa IA, Mongeon K, Sanderson M, Gracia Marco L, Klentrou P. Testing the Functional Model of Bone Development: Direct and Mediating Role of Muscle Strength on Bone Properties in Growing Youth. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2021 Mar 18;18(6):31541661-7827http://hdl.handle.net/10668/4429This study examines the functional model of bone development in peri-pubertal boys and girls. Specifically, we implemented a mixed-longitudinal design and hierarchical structural models to provide experimental evidence in support of the conceptual functional model of bone development, postulating that the primary mechanical stimulus of bone strength development is muscle force. To this end, we measured radial and tibial bone properties (speed of sound, SOS), isometric grip and knee extensors strength, bone resorption (urinary NTX concentration), body mass index (BMI), somatic maturity (years from peak height velocity) and skeletal maturity (bone age) in 180 children aged 8-16 years. Measurements were repeated 2-4 times over a period of 3 years. The multilevel structural equation modeling of 406 participant-session observations revealed similar results for radial and tibial SOS. Muscle strength (i.e., grip strength for the radial and knee extension for tibial model) and NTX have a significant direct effect on bone SOS (β = 0.29 and -0.18, respectively). Somatic maturity had a direct impact on muscle strength (β = 0.24) and both a direct and indirect effect on bone SOS (total effect, β = 0.30). Physical activity and BMI also had a significant direct impact on bone properties, (β = 0.06 and -0.18, respectively), and an additional significant indirect effect through muscle strength (β = 0.01 and 0.05, respectively) with small differences per bone site and sex. Muscle strength fully mediated the impact of bone age (β = 0.14) while there was no significant effect of energy intake on either muscle strength or bone SOS. In conclusion, our results support the functional model of bone development in that muscle strength and bone metabolism directly affect bone development while the contribution of maturity, physical activity, and other modulators such as BMI, on bone development is additionally modulated through their effect on muscle strength.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ChildrenBone developmentMuscle strengthRadial speed of soundTibial speed of soundBone turnoverBody mass indexBone developmentEnergy intakeBone resorptionNiñoDesarrollo óseoFuerza muscularRadio (Anatomía)Músculo esqueléticoRemodelación óseaÍndice de masa corporalIngestión de energíaResorción óseaMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::AdolescentMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Bone DensityMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes::Musculoskeletal Development::Bone DevelopmentMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::ChildMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::MaleMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones::Bones of Upper Extremity::Arm Bones::RadiusMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and Bones::Bones of Lower Extremity::Leg Bones::TibiaMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Diagnostic Imaging::UltrasonographyMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Skeleton::Bone and BonesMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Muscle StrengthMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Body Constitution::Body Weights and Measures::Body Mass IndexMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Muscle Strength::Hand StrengthMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Musculoskeletal and Neural Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Phenomena::Musculoskeletal Physiological Processes::Movement::Motor Activity::ExerciseMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Diet::Energy IntakeMedical Subject Headings::Technology and Food and Beverages::Technology, Industry, and Agriculture::Technology::Educational Technology::Audiovisual Aids::Models, StructuralMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Musculoskeletal Diseases::Bone Diseases::Bone ResorptionMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Musculoskeletal System::Musclesresearch article33803781Acceso abierto10.3390/ijerph180631541660-4601PMC8003175