Luperdi, Sussy CCorrea-Ghisays, PatriciaVila-Francés, JoanSelva-Vera, GabrielSalazar-Fraile, JoséCardoner, NarcísRuiz-Veguilla, MiguelLivianos, LorenzoTabarés-Seisdedos, RafaelBalanzá-Martínez, Vicent2023-02-092023-02-092021-07-06http://hdl.handle.net/10668/18195Substantial evidence supports the existence of neurocognitive endophenotypes in bipolar disorder (BD), but very few longitudinal studies have included unaffected relatives. In a 5-year, follow-up, family study, we have recently suggested that deficits in manual motor speed and visual memory could be endophenotype candidates for BD. We aimed to explore whether this also applies to processing speed. A sample of 348 individuals, including 163 BD patients, 65 unaffected first-degree relatives (BD-Rel) and 120 genetically unrelated healthy controls (HC), was assessed with the Digit Symbol Substitution Test (DSST) on two occasions over a 2-year period (T1, T2). DSST values were controlled for age, years of education, occupational status, and subsyndromic mood symptoms. Differences between groups were evaluated with ANCOVAs. At T1 BD performed significantly worse than HC (p  0.05). The results of this longitudinal, family study suggest that impaired processing speed may represent a suitable cognitive endophenotype for BD. Further research on the field is required to confirm these preliminary findings.enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Bipolar disorderCognitionEndophenotypeFamily studyLongitudinal studyProcessing speedBipolar DisorderCognitionCognition DisordersEndophenotypesHumansLongitudinal StudiesNeuropsychological Testsresearch article34256275open access10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.0081879-1379https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.07.008