Plaza-Diaz, JulioIzquierdo, DavidTorres-Martos, AlvaroBaig, Aiman TariqAguilera, Concepción MRuiz-Ojeda, Francisco Javier2023-05-032023-05-032022-01-04Plaza-Diaz J, Izquierdo D, Torres-Martos Á, Baig AT, Aguilera CM, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ. Impact of Physical Activity and Exercise on the Epigenome in Skeletal Muscle and Effects on Systemic Metabolism. Biomedicines. 2022 Jan 7;10(1):126.2227-9059http://hdl.handle.net/10668/20812Exercise and physical activity induces physiological responses in organisms, and adaptations in skeletal muscle, which is beneficial for maintaining health and preventing and/or treating most chronic diseases. These adaptations are mainly instigated by transcriptional responses that ensue in reaction to each individual exercise, either resistance or endurance. Consequently, changes in key metabolic, regulatory, and myogenic genes in skeletal muscle occur as both an early and late response to exercise, and these epigenetic modifications, which are influenced by environmental and genetic factors, trigger those alterations in the transcriptional responses. DNA methylation and histone modifications are the most significant epigenetic changes described in gene transcription, linked to the skeletal muscle transcriptional response to exercise, and mediating the exercise adaptations. Nevertheless, other alterations in the epigenetics markers, such as epitranscriptomics, modifications mediated by miRNAs, and lactylation as a novel epigenetic modification, are emerging as key events for gene transcription. Here, we provide an overview and update of the impact of exercise on epigenetic modifications, including the well-described DNA methylations and histone modifications, and the emerging modifications in the skeletal muscle. In addition, we describe the effects of exercise on epigenetic markers in other metabolic tissues; also, we provide information about how systemic metabolism or its metabolites influence epigenetic modifications in the skeletal muscle.enAttribution 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/epigeneticsexercisemetabolismphysical activityskeletal muscleDNA MethylationMicroRNAsHistone CodeEpigenesis, GeneticExerciseMuscle, SkeletalChronic DiseaseTranscription, Geneticresearch article35052805open accessCódigo de histonasEjercicio físicoEnfermedad crónicaEpigénesis genéticaMetilación de ADNMicroARNsMúsculo esqueléticoTranscripción genética10.3390/biomedicines10010126PMC8773693https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/10/1/126/pdf?version=1641789260https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8773693/pdf