Cruz-Chamorro, IvanÁlvarez-Sánchez, NuriaSantos-Sánchez, GuillermoPedroche, JustoFernández-Pachón, María-SoledadMillán, FranciscoMillán-Linares, María CarmenLardone, Patricia JudithBejarano, IgnacioGuerrero, Juan MiguelCarrillo-Vico, Antonio2022-08-172022-08-172020-06-04Cruz-Chamorro I, Álvarez-Sánchez N, Santos-Sánchez G, Pedroche J, Fernández-Pachón MS, Millán F, et al. Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Properties of Wheat Gluten Protein Hydrolysates in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Nutrients. 2020 Jun 4;12(6):1673http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3911Peptides from several plant food proteins not only maintain the nutritional values of the original protein and decrease the environmental impact of animal agriculture, but also exert biological activities with significant health-beneficial effects. Wheat is the most important food grain source in the world. However, negative attention on wheat-based products has arose due to the role of gluten in celiac disease. A controlled enzymatic hydrolysis could reduce the antigenicity of wheat gluten protein hydrolysates (WGPHs). Therefore, the aims of the present study were to evaluate the effects of the in vitro administration of Alcalase-generated WGPHs on the immunological and antioxidant responses of human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from 39 healthy subjects. WGPH treatment reduced cell proliferation and the production of the Type 1 T helper (Th1) and Th17 pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ and IL-17, respectively. WPGHs also improved the cellular anti-inflammatory microenvironment, increasing Th2/Th1 and Th2/Th17 balances. Additionally, WGPHs improved global antioxidant capacity, increased levels of the reduced form of glutathione and reduced nitric oxide production. These findings, not previously reported, highlight the beneficial capacity of these vegetable protein hydrolysates, which might represent an effective alternative in functional food generation.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Wheat gluten protein hydrolysatesBioactive peptidesPro-inflammatory cytokinesOxidative stressAntioxidant capacityGlutathionePeripheral blood mononuclear cellsGlutensEstrés oxidativoLeucocitos mononuclearesGlútenesMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::AntioxidantsMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Cell Physiological Phenomena::Cell Physiological Processes::Cell Growth Processes::Cell ProliferationMedical Subject Headings::Technology and Food and Beverages::Food and Beverages::Food::Foods, Specialized::Functional FoodMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Oligopeptides::GlutathioneMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Plant Proteins::Seed Storage Proteins::Prolamins::GlutensMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Metabolic Phenomena::Metabolism::HydrolysisMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Biological Factors::Inflammation MediatorsMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Clinical Laboratory Techniques::Immunologic Tests::Interferon-gamma Release TestsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Membrane Proteins::Receptors, Cell Surface::Receptors, Immunologic::Receptors, Cytokine::Receptors, Interleukin::Receptors, Interleukin-17Medical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Hemic and Immune Systems::Blood::Blood Cells::Leukocytes::Leukocytes, MononuclearMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Inorganic Chemicals::Nitrogen Compounds::Nitrogen Oxides::Nitric OxideMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Protein HydrolysatesMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Cells::Blood Cells::Leukocytes::Leukocytes, Mononuclear::Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocyte Subsets::T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer::Th1 CellsMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Cells::Blood Cells::Leukocytes::Leukocytes, Mononuclear::Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocytes::T-Lymphocyte Subsets::T-Lymphocytes, Helper-Inducer::Th2 Cellsresearch article32512720open access10.3390/nu120616732072-6643PMC7352691