Barcenas, C HHurvitz, S ADi Palma, J ABose, RChien, A JIannotti, NMarx, GBrufsky, ALitvak, AIbrahim, EAlvarez, R HRuiz-Borrego, MChan, NManalo, YKellum, ATrudeau, MThirlwell, MGarcia Saenz, JHunt, DBryce, RMcCulloch, LRugo, H STripathy, DChan, ACONTROL Study Investigators2023-02-092023-02-092020-05-25http://hdl.handle.net/10668/15648Neratinib is an irreversible pan-HER tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved for extended adjuvant treatment in early-stage HER2-positive breast cancer based on the phase III ExteNET study. In that trial, in which no antidiarrheal prophylaxis was mandated, grade 3 diarrhea was observed in 40% of patients and 17% discontinued due to diarrhea. The international, open-label, sequential-cohort, phase II CONTROL study is investigating several strategies to improve tolerability. Patients who completed trastuzumab-based adjuvant therapy received neratinib 240 mg/day for 1 year plus loperamide prophylaxis (days 1-28 or 1-56). Sequential cohorts evaluated additional budesonide or colestipol prophylaxis (days 1-28) and neratinib dose escalation (DE; ongoing). The primary end point was the incidence of grade ≥3 diarrhea. Final data for loperamide (L; n = 137), budesonide + loperamide (BL; n = 64), colestipol + loperamide (CL; n = 136), and colestipol + as-needed loperamide (CL-PRN; n = 104) cohorts, and interim data for DE (n = 60; completed ≥six cycles or discontinued; median duration 11 months) are available. No grade 4 diarrhea was observed. Grade 3 diarrhea rates were lower than ExteNET in all cohorts and lowest in DE (L 31%, BL 28%, CL 21%, CL-PRN 32%, DE 15%). Median number of grade 3 diarrhea episodes was one; median duration per grade 3 episode was 1.0-2.0 days across cohorts. Most grade 3 diarrhea and diarrhea-related discontinuations occurred in month 1. Diarrhea-related discontinuations were lowest in DE (L 20%, BL 8%, CL 4%, CL-PRN 8%, DE 3%). Decreases in health-related quality of life did not cross the clinically important threshold. Neratinib tolerability was improved with preemptive prophylaxis or DE, which reduced the rate, severity, and duration of neratinib-associated grade ≥3 diarrhea compared with ExteNET. Lower diarrhea-related treatment discontinuations in multiple cohorts indicate that proactive management can allow patients to stay on neratinib for the recommended time period. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV: NCT02400476.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/HER2-positive breast cancerdiarrhea prophylaxisneratinibquality of lifetyrosine kinase inhibitorAntineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy ProtocolsBreast NeoplasmsHumansQuality of LifeQuinolinesReceptor, ErbB-2Trastuzumabresearch article32464281open access10.1016/j.annonc.2020.05.0121569-8041http://www.annalsofoncology.org/article/S0923753420398331/pdf