Sáez-Lara, Maria JoseRobles-Sanchez, CandidoRuiz-Ojeda, Francisco JavierPlaza-Diaz, JulioGil, Angel2016-07-132016-07-132016-06-13Sáez-Lara MJ, Robles-Sanchez C, Ruiz-Ojeda FJ, Plaza-Diaz J, Gil A. Effects of Probiotics and Synbiotics on Obesity, Insulin Resistance Syndrome, Type 2 Diabetes and Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Review of Human Clinical Trials. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2016; 17(6):928.http://hdl.handle.net/10668/2257Journal Article; Review; This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Molecular Research of Functional and Nutraceutical Food)The use of probiotics and synbiotics in the prevention and treatment of different disorders has dramatically increased over the last decade. Both probiotics and synbiotics are well known ingredients of functional foods and nutraceuticals and may provide beneficial health effects because they can influence the intestinal microbial ecology and immunity. The present study reviews the effects of probiotics and synbiotics on obesity, insulin resistance syndrome (IRS), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in human randomized clinical trials. Select probiotics and synbiotics provided beneficial effects in patients with obesity, mainly affecting the body mass index and fat mass. Some probiotics had beneficial effects on IRS, decreasing the cell adhesion molecule-1 levels, and the synbiotics decreased the insulin resistance and plasma lipid levels. Moreover, select probiotics improved the carbohydrate metabolism, fasting blood glucose, insulin sensitivity and antioxidant status and also reduced metabolic stress in subjects with T2D. Some probiotics and synbiotics improved the liver and metabolic parameters in patients with NAFLD. The oral intake of probiotics and synbiotics as co-adjuvants for the prevention and treatment of obesity, IRS, T2D and NAFLD is partially supported by the data shown in the present review. However, further studies are required to understand the precise mechanism of how probiotics and synbiotics affect these metabolic disorders.enProbioticsRandomized clinical trialObesityInsulin resistanceMetabolic syndrome XType 2 diabetesNon-alcoholic fatty liver diseaseSynbioticsGlucemiaÍndice de masa corporalMetabolismo de los hidratos de carbonoMoléculas de adhesión celularDiabetes mellitus tipo 2AyunoAlimentos funcionalesHumanosResistencia a la insulinaLípidosSíndrome x metabólicoEnfermedad del hígado graso no alcohólicoObesidadProbióticosEstrés fisiológicoSimbióticosMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Carbohydrates::Monosaccharides::Hexoses::Glucose::Blood GlucoseMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Physical Examination::Body Constitution::Body Weights and Measures::Body Mass IndexMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Metabolic Phenomena::Metabolism::Carbohydrate MetabolismMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Glycoproteins::Membrane Glycoproteins::Cell Adhesion MoleculesMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Glucose Metabolism Disorders::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Medical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Behavior::Feeding Behavior::FastingMedical Subject Headings::Technology, Industry, Agriculture::Food and Beverages::Food::Foods, Specialized::Functional FoodMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Glucose Metabolism Disorders::Hyperinsulinism::Insulin ResistanceMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::LipidsMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Diseases::Metabolic Syndrome XMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Nutritional and Metabolic Diseases::Nutrition Disorders::Overnutrition::ObesityMedical Subject Headings::Technology, Industry, Agriculture::Food and Beverages::Food::Dietary Supplements::ProbioticsMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Physiological Processes::Stress, PhysiologicalMedical Subject Headings::Technology, Industry, Agriculture::Food and Beverages::Food::Dietary Supplements::SynbioticsMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Digestive System Diseases::Liver Diseases::Fatty Liver::Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseaseresearch article27304953open access10.3390/ijms170609281422-0067