López-Medrano, FFernández-Ruiz, MSilva, J TCarver, P Lvan Delden, CMerino, EPérez-Saez, M JMontero, MCoussement, Jde Abreu Mazzolin, MCervera, CSantos, LSabé, NScemla, ACordero, ECruzado-Vega, LMartín-Moreno, P LLen, ÓRudas, EPonce de León, AArriola, MLauzurica, RDavid, M DGonzález-Rico, CHenríquez-Palop, FFortún, JNucci, MManuel, OPaño-Pardo, J RMontejo, MVena, ASánchez-Sobrino, BMazuecos, APascual, JHorcajada, J PLecompte, TMoreno, ACarratalà, JBlanes, MHernández, DHernández-Méndez, E AFariñas, M CPerelló-Carrascosa, MMuñoz, PAndrés, AAguado, J MSpanish Network for Research in Infectious Diseases (REIPI)Group for the Study of Infection in Transplant Recipients (GESITRA) of the Spanish Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (SEIMC)Study Group for Infections in Compromised Hosts (ESGICH) of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases (ESCMID)Swiss Transplant Cohort Study (STCS)2023-01-252023-01-252017-06-23http://hdl.handle.net/10668/11345To assess the risk factors for development of late-onset invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) after kidney transplantation (KT). We performed a multinational case-control study that retrospectively recruited 112 KT recipients diagnosed with IPA between 2000 and 2013. Controls were matched (1:1 ratio) by centre and date of transplantation. Immunosuppression-related events (IREs) included the occurrence of non-ventilator-associated pneumonia, tuberculosis, cytomegalovirus disease, and/or de novo malignancy. We identified 61 cases of late (>180 days after transplantation) IPA from 24 participating centres (accounting for 54.5% (61/112) of all cases included in the overall study). Most diagnoses (54.1% (33/61)) were established within the first 36 post-transplant months, although five cases occurred more than 10 years after transplantation. Overall mortality among cases was 47.5% (29/61). Compared with controls, cases were significantly older (p 0.010) and more likely to have pre-transplant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p 0.001) and a diagnosis of bloodstream infection (p 0.016) and IRE (p 180 days after transplantation) IPA from 24 participating centres (accounting for 54.5% (61/112) of all cases included in the overall study). Most diagnoses (54.1% (33/61)) were established within the first 36 post-transplant months, although five cases occurred more than 10 years after transplantation. Overall mortality among cases was 47.5% (29/61). Compared with controls, cases were significantly older (p 0.010) and more likely to have pre-transplant chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (p 0.001) and a diagnosis of bloodstream infection (p 0.016) and IRE (p More than half of IPA cases after KT occur beyond the sixth month, with some of them presenting very late. Late IPA entails a poor prognosis. We identified some risk factors that could help the clinician to delimit the subgroup of KT recipients at the highest risk for late IPA.enCase-control studyKidney transplantationLate invasive pulmonary aspergillosisRisk factorsCase-Control StudiesFemaleGlobal HealthHumansInvasive Pulmonary AspergillosisKidney TransplantationMaleMiddle AgedRetrospective StudiesRisk FactorsTime Factorsresearch article28652112open access10.1016/j.cmi.2017.06.0161469-0691http://www.clinicalmicrobiologyandinfection.com/article/S1198743X1730335X/pdf