Sankar, Sitara B.Infante-Garcia, CarmenWeinstock, Laura D.Ramos-Rodriguez, Juan JoseHierro-Bujalance, CarmenFernandez-Ponce, CeciliaWood, Levi B.Garcia-Alloza, Monica2022-07-112022-07-112020-01-28Sankar SB, Infante-Garcia C, Weinstock LD, Ramos-Rodriguez JJ, Hierro-Bujalance C, Fernandez-Ponce C, et al. Amyloid beta and diabetic pathology cooperatively stimulate cytokine expression in an Alzheimer's mouse model. J Neuroinflammation. 2020 Jan 28;17(1):38http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3775Background: Diabetes is a risk factor for developing Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanism by which diabetes can promote AD pathology remains unknown. Diabetes results in diverse molecular changes in the brain, including dysregulation of glucose metabolism and loss of cerebrovascular homeostasis. Although these changes have been associated with increased Aβ pathology and increased expression of glial activation markers in APPswe/PS1dE9 (APP/PS1) mice, there has been limited characterization, to date, of the neuroinflammatory changes associated with diabetic conditions. Methods: To more fully elucidate neuroinflammatory changes associated with diabetes that may drive AD pathology, we combined the APP/PS1 mouse model with either high-fat diet (HFD, a model of pre-diabetes), the genetic db/db model of type 2 diabetes, or the streptozotocin (STZ) model of type 1 diabetes. We then used a multiplexed immunoassay to quantify cortical changes in cytokine proteins. Results: Our analysis revealed that pathology associated with either db/db, HFD, or STZ models yielded upregulation of a broad profile of cytokines, including chemokines (e.g., MIP-1α, MIP-1β, and MCP-1) and pro-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1α, IFN-γ, and IL-3. Moreover, multivariate partial least squares regression analysis showed that combined diabetic-APP/PS1 models yielded cooperatively enhanced expression of the cytokine profile associated with each diabetic model alone. Finally, in APP/PS1xdb/db mice, we found that circulating levels of Aβ1-40, Aβ1-42, glucose, and insulin all correlated with cytokine expression in the brain, suggesting a strong relationship between peripheral changes and brain pathology. Conclusions: Altogether, our multiplexed analysis of cytokines shows that Alzheimer's and diabetic pathologies cooperate to enhance profiles of cytokines reported to be involved in both diseases. Moreover, since many of the identified cytokines promote neuronal injury, Aβ and tau pathology, and breakdown of the blood-brain barrier, our data suggest that neuroinflammation may mediate the effects of diabetes on AD pathogenesis. Therefore, strategies targeting neuroinflammatory signaling, as well as metabolic control, may provide a promising strategy for intervening in the development of diabetes-associated AD.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Pre-diabetesType 1 diabetes (T1D)Type 2 diabetes (T2D)Cytokine profileEstado prediabéticoDiabetes mellitus tipo 1Diabetes mellitus tipo 2CitocinasMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Nervous System Diseases::Neurodegenerative Diseases::Tauopathies::Alzheimer DiseaseMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Amyloid beta-PeptidesMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::AnimalsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Carbohydrates::Monosaccharides::Hexoses::Glucose::Blood GlucoseMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Nervous System::Central Nervous System::Brain::Prosencephalon::Telencephalon::Cerebrum::Cerebral CortexMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Biological Factors::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::CytokinesMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, ExperimentalMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Endocrine System Diseases::Diabetes Mellitus::Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2Medical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Diet::Diet, High-FatMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Peptide Hormones::Pancreatic Hormones::InsulinsMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Rodentia::Muridae::Murinae::MiceMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Animal Population Groups::Animals, Genetically Modified::Mice, TransgenicMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Nervous System::Neuroglia::MicrogliaMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Carbohydrates::Glycosides::Aminoglycosides::Streptozocinresearch article31992349Acceso abierto10.1186/s12974-020-1707-x1742-2094PMC6988295