Fernandez, Mariana FOlmos, BegoñaGranada, AliciaLópez-Espinosa, Maria JoséMolina-Molina, José-ManuelFernandez, Juan ManuelCruz, MilagrosOlea-Serrano, FátimaOlea, Nicolás2012-10-152012-10-152007-12Fernandez MF, Olmos B, Granada A, López-Espinosa MJ, Molina-Molina JM, Fernandez JM, et al. Human exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals and prenatal risk factors for cryptorchidism and hypospadias: a nested case-control study. Environ. Health Perspect.. 2007 Dec; 115 Suppl 1:8-14http://hdl.handle.net/10668/570Journal Article; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't. Reproduced with permission from Environmental Health PerspectivesBACKGROUND. Exposure to xenoestrogens during pregnancy may disturb the development and function of male sexual organs. OBJECTIVE. In this study we aimed to determine whether the combined effect of environmental estrogens measured as total effective xenoestrogen burden (TEXB) is a risk factor for male urogenital malformations. METHODS. In a case-control study, nested in a mother-child cohort (n = 702) established at Granada University Hospital, we compared 50 newborns with diagnosis of cryptorchidism and/or hypospadias with 114 boys without malformations matched by gestational age, date of birth, and parity. Controls did not differ from the total cohort in confounding variables. TEXB and levels of 16 organochlorine pesticides were measured in placenta tissues. Characteristics of parents, pregnancy, and birth were gathered by questionnaire. We used conditional and unconditional regression models to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS. TEXB from organohalogenated compounds was detectable in 72% and 54% of case and control placentas, respectively. Compared with controls, cases had an OR for detectable versus non-detectable TEXB of 2.82 (95% CI, 1.10-7.24). More pesticides were detected in cases than in controls (9.34 +/- 3.19 vs. 6.97 +/- 3.93). ORs for cases with detectable levels of pesticides, after adjusting for potential confounders in the conditional regression analysis, were o,p'-DDT (OR = 2.25; 95% CI, 1.03-4.89), p,p'-DDT (OR = 2.63; 95% CI, 1.21-5.72), lindane (OR = 3.38; 95% CI, 1.36-8.38), mirex (OR = 2.85; 95% CI, 1.22-6.66), and endosulfan alpha (OR = 2.19; 95% CI, 0.99-4.82). Engagement of mothers in agriculture (OR = 3.47; 95% CI, 1.33-9.03), fathers' occupational exposure to xenoestrogens (OR = 2.98; 95% CI, 1.11-8.01), and history of previous stillbirths (OR = 4.20; 95% CI, 1.11-16.66) were also associated with risk of malformations. CONCLUSIONS We found an increased risk for male urogenital malformations related to the combined effect of environmental estrogens in placenta.enEstrógenosHidrocarburos CloradosResiduos de PlaguicidasDisruptores EndocrinosAgriculturaEstudios de Casos y ControlesCriptorquidismoFemeninoHospitales UniversitariosHumanosHipospadiasRecién NacidoMasculinoMaternal ExposureExposición ProfesionalExposición PaternaPlacentaEmbarazoCuestionariosFactores de RiesgoAdultoEspañaMedical Subject Headings::Technology, Industry, Agriculture::Technology, Industry, and Agriculture::AgricultureMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Case-Control StudiesMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Congenital, Hereditary, and Neonatal Diseases and Abnormalities::Congenital Abnormalities::Urogenital Abnormalities::CryptorchidismMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Physiological Effects of Drugs::Endocrine DisruptorsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Physiological Effects of Drugs::Hormones, Hormone Substitutes, and Hormone Antagonists::Hormones::EstrogensMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services::Health Facilities::Academic Medical Centers::Hospitals, Teaching::Hospitals, UniversityMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Hydrocarbons::Hydrocarbons, Halogenated::Hydrocarbons, ChlorinatedMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Male Urogenital Diseases::Genital Diseases, Male::Penile Diseases::HypospadiasMedical Subject Headings::Named Groups::Persons::Age Groups::Infant::Infant, NewbornMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::MaleMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Environment and Public Health::Public Health::Environmental Pollution::Environmental Exposure::Maternal ExposureMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Environment and Public Health::Public Health::Environmental Pollution::Environmental Exposure::Occupational ExposureMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Environment and Public Health::Public Health::Environmental Pollution::Environmental Exposure::Paternal ExposureMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Toxic Actions::Pesticides::Pesticide ResiduesMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Embryonic Structures::PlacentaMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Reproductive and Urinary Physiological Phenomena::Reproductive Physiological Phenomena::Reproductive Physiological Processes::Reproduction::PregnancyMedical Subject Headings::Information Science::Information Science::Data Collection::QuestionnairesMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Risk::Risk FactorsMedical Subject Headings::Geographicals::Geographic Locations::Europe::SpainMedical Subject Headings::Named Groups::Persons::Age Groups::Adultresearch article18174944open access10.1289/ehp.93510091-6765