Requena-Ocaña, NereaFlores-Lopez, MaríaSan Martín, AliciaGarcía-Marchena, NuriaPedraz, MaríaRuiz, Juan JesúsSerrano, AntoniaSuarez, JuanPavón, Francisco JavierRodríguez de Fonseca, FernandoAraos, Pedro2022-12-092022-12-092021-10-22Requena-Ocaña N, Flores-Lopez M, Martín AS, García-Marchena N, Pedraz M, Ruiz JJ, et al. Influence of gender and education on cocaine users in an outpatient cohort in Spain. Sci Rep. 2021 Oct 22;11(1):20928http://hdl.handle.net/10668/4474Gender significantly influences sociodemographic, medical, psychiatric and addiction variables in cocaine outpatients. Educational level may be a protective factor showing less severe addictive disorders, longer abstinence periods, and better cognitive performance. The aim was to estimate gender-based differences and the influence of educational level on the clinical variables associated with cocaine use disorder (CUD). A total of 300 cocaine-consuming patients undergoing treatments were recruited and assessed using the Psychiatric Research Interview for Substance and Mental Diseases according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, Text Revision. Women developed CUD later but exhibited more consumption of anxiolytics, prevalence of anxiety disorders, eating disorders, and major depressive disorders. Alcohol and cannabis use disorders were more frequent in men. A predictive model was created and identified three psychiatric variables with good prognosis for distinguishing between women and men. Principal component analysis helped to describe the different profile types of men and women who had sought treatment. Low educational levels seemed to be a risk factor for the onset, development, and duration of CUD in both genders. Women and men exhibited different clinical characteristics that should be taken into account when designing therapeutic policies. The educational level plays a protective/risk role in the onset, development and progression of CUD, thus prolonging the years of compulsory education and implementing cognitive rehabilitation programmes could be useful.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/AlcoholismCocaine-related disordersAnxiety disordersMajor depressive disorderOutpatientsPrevalenceSocial classGender studiesEducationSpainAlcoholismoTrastornos relacionados con cocaínaTrastornos de ansiedadTrastorno depresivo mayorPacientes ambulatoriosPrevalenciaClase socialEstudios de géneroEducaciónEspañaMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::AdultMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Substance-Related Disorders::Alcohol-Related Disorders::AlcoholismMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Chemically-Induced Disorders::Substance-Related Disorders::Cocaine-Related DisordersMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Cohort StudiesMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Mood Disorders::Depressive Disorder::Depressive Disorder, MajorMedical Subject Headings::Information Science::Information Science::Information Services::Documentation::Vocabulary, Controlled::Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental DisordersMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Population Characteristics::Socioeconomic Factors::Educational StatusMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::MaleMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Patients::OutpatientsMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Schizophrenia and Disorders with Psychotic Features::Psychotic DisordersMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Care Quality, Access, and Evaluation::Quality of Health Care::Epidemiologic Factors::Sex FactorsMedical Subject Headings::Geographical Locations::Geographic Locations::Europe::SpainMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Polycyclic Compounds::Bridged Compounds::Bicyclo Compounds::Bicyclo Compounds, Heterocyclic::Azabicyclo Compounds::Tropanes::CocaineMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Physiological Effects of Drugs::Central Nervous System Depressants::Tranquilizing Agents::Anti-Anxiety AgentsMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Chemically-Induced Disorders::Substance-Related Disorders::Marijuana AbuseMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::PrevalenceMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Principal Component AnalysisMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Anxiety DisordersMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Mental Disorders::Mental Disorders Diagnosed in Childhood::Feeding and Eating Disorders of ChildhoodMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Risk::Risk FactorsMedical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Psychological Phenomena and Processes::Mental Processes::CognitionMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::PrognosisMedical Subject Headings::Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena::Social Sciences::PolicyMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Organic Chemicals::Aza Compounds::Azabicyclo Compounds::Tropanes::Cocaineresearch article34686732open access10.1038/s41598-021-00472-72045-2322PMC8536710