Codina, HelenaVieitez, IreneGutierrez-Valencia, AliciaSkouridou, VassoMartínez, CristinaPatiño, LucíaBotero-Gallego, MariluzTrujillo-Rodríguez, MaríaSerna-Gallego, AnaMuñoz-Muela, EsperanzaBobillo, María M.Pérez, AlexandreCabrera-Alvar, Jorge JulioCrespo, ManuelO'Sullivan, Ciara K.Ruiz-Mateos, EzequielPoveda, Eva2022-08-052022-08-052021-10-29Codina H, Vieitez I, Gutierrez-Valencia A, Skouridou V, Martínez C, Patiño L, et al. Elevated Anti-SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies and IL-6, IL-8, MIP-1β, Early Predictors of Severe COVID-19. Microorganisms. 2021 Oct 29;9(11):2259http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3885Viral and host immune kinetics during acute COVID-19 and after remission of acute symptoms need better characterization. SARS-CoV-2 RNA, anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA, IgM, and IgG antibodies, and proinflammatory cytokines were measured in sequential samples from hospitalized COVID-19 patients during acute infection and six months following diagnosis. Twenty four laboratory confirmed COVID-19 patients with mild/moderate and severe COVID-19 were included. Most were males (83%) with a median age of 61 years. Twenty one percent were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) and eight of them (33.3%) met the criteria for severe COVID-19 disease. A delay in SARS-CoV-2 levels' decline during the first six days of follow up, and viral load persistence until month 3 were related to severe COVID-19, but not viral load levels at the diagnosis. Higher levels of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgA, IgM, IgG and the cytokines IL-6, IL-8 and MIP-1β at the diagnosis time were related to the severe COVID-19 outcome. Higher levels of MIP-1β, IL-1β, MIP-1α and IFN-γ were observed at month 1 and 3 during mild/moderate disease, compared to severe COVID-19. IgG persisted at low levels after six months of diagnosis. In conclusion, higher concentrations of IgA, IgM, and IgG, and IL-6, IL-8 and MIP-1β are identified as early predictors of COVID-19 severity, whereas no significant association is found between baseline SARS-COV-2 viral load and COVID-19 severity.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/SARS-CoV-2Severe COVID-19Anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodiesCytokinesViral loadCOVID-19CitocinasCarga viralAnticuerposDiagnosisDiagnósticoRNAMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::MaleMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Adult::Middle AgedMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Nucleic Acids, Nucleotides, and Nucleosides::Nucleic Acids::RNA::RNA, ViralMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Cytokines::Interleukins::Interleukin-6Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Cytokines::Interleukins::Interleukin-8Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Virus Diseases::RNA Virus Infections::Nidovirales Infections::Coronaviridae Infections::Coronavirus InfectionsMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Cohort Studies::Longitudinal Studies::Follow-Up StudiesMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physical Phenomena::Mechanical Phenomena::KineticsMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Clinical Laboratory Techniques::Microbiological Techniques::Viral LoadMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Blood Proteins::Immunoproteins::Immunoglobulins::Antibodies::Immunoglobulin Isotypes::Immunoglobulin MMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Blood Proteins::Immunoproteins::Immunoglobulins::Antibodies::Immunoglobulin Isotypes::Immunoglobulin GMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Blood Proteins::Immunoproteins::Immunoglobulins::Antibodies::Immunoglobulin Isotypes::Immunoglobulin AMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Care Facilities, Manpower, and Services::Health Facilities::Hospital Units::Intensive Care UnitsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Peptides::Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins::Cytokines::Interleukins::Interleukin-1research article34835384open access10.3390/microorganisms91122592076-2607PMC8624589