Roca-Oporto, CristinaCebrero-Cangueiro, TaniaGil-Marqués, María LuisaLabrador-Herrera, GemaSmani, YounesGonzález-Roncero, Francisco ManuelMarín, Luis MiguelPachón, JerónimoPachón-Ibáñez, María EugeniaCordero, Elisa2020-08-242020-08-242019-08-06Roca-Oporto C, Cebrero-Cangueiro T, Gil-Marqués ML, Labrador-Herrera G, Smani Y, González-Roncero FM, et al. Prevalence and clinical impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in solid organ transplant recipients. BMC Infect Dis. 2019 Aug 6;19(1):697. doi: 10.1186/s12879-019-4321-8.http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3163Background: S. pneumoniae is the leading cause of community-acquired pneumonia in the solid organ transplant recipient (SOTR); nevertheless, the prevalence of colonization and of the colonizing/infecting serotypes has not been studied in this population. In this context, the aim of the present study was to describe the rate, characteristics, and clinical impact of S. pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage. Methods: A prospective observational cohort of Solid Organ Transplant recipients (SOTR) was held at the University Hospital Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain with the aim to evaluate the S. pneumoniae colonization and the serotype prevalence in SOTR. Two different pharyngeal swabs samples from 500 patients were included in two different seasonal periods winter and spring/summer. Optochin and bile solubility tests were performed for the isolation of thew strains. Antimicrobial susceptibility studies (MICs, mg/l) of levofloxacin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, penicillin, amoxicillin, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone, erythromycin, azithromycin and vancomycin for each isolate were determined by E-test strips. Capsular typing was done by sequential multiplex PCR reactions. A multivariate logistic regression analysis of factors potentially associated with pneumococcal nasopharyngeal carriage and disease was performed. Results: Twenty-six (5.6%) and fifteen (3.2%) patients were colonized in winter and spring/summer periods, respectively. Colonized SOT recipients compared to non-colonized patients were more frequently men (79.5% vs. 63.1%, P < 0.05) and cohabitated regularly with children (59% vs. 32.2%, P < 0.001). The most prevalent serotype in both studied periods was 35B. Forty-five percent of total isolates were included in the pneumococcal vaccine PPV23. Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and macrolides were the less active antibiotics. Three patients had non-bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia, and two of them died. Conclusions: Pneumococcal colonization in SOTR is low with the most colonizing serotypes not included in the pneumococcal vaccines.enStreptococcus pneumoniaeSolid organ transplant recipients and nasopharyngeal carriageSolid waste recipientsRecipientes de residuos sólidosTransplant recipientsReceptores de trasplantesNasopharyngeal diseasesEnfermedades nasofaríngeasPneumococcal InfectionsInfecciones neumocócicasMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::AdultMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Anti-Bacterial AgentsMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::ChildMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::FemaleMedical Subject Headings::Check Tags::MaleMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Diagnosis::Diagnostic Techniques and Procedures::Clinical Laboratory Techniques::Microbiological Techniques::Microbial Sensitivity TestsMedical Subject Headings::Persons::Persons::Age Groups::Adult::Middle AgedMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Respiratory System::Pharynx::NasopharynxMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Surgical Procedures, Operative::Transplantation::Organ TransplantationMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Bacterial Infections and Mycoses::Bacterial Infections::Gram-Positive Bacterial Infections::Streptococcal Infections::Pneumococcal InfectionsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Complex Mixtures::Biological Products::Vaccines::Bacterial Vaccines::Streptococcal Vaccines::Pneumococcal VaccinesMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Data Collection::Vital Statistics::Morbidity::PrevalenceMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Epidemiologic Study Characteristics as Topic::Epidemiologic Studies::Cohort Studies::Longitudinal Studies::Prospective StudiesMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::PhenotypeMedical Subject Headings::Geographical Locations::Geographic Locations::Europe::SpainMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Bacteria::Gram-Positive Bacteria::Gram-Positive Cocci::Streptococcaceae::Streptococcus::Streptococcus pneumoniaePrevalence and clinical impact of Streptococcus pneumoniae nasopharyngeal carriage in solid organ transplant recipientsresearch article31387529open access10.1186/s12879-019-4321-81471-2334PMC6685160