Rodríguez, C.Romero, E.Garrido-Sanchez, L.Alcaín-Martínez, G.Andrade, R.J.Taminiau, B.Daube, G.García-Fuentes, E.2022-06-232022-06-232020-03-04Rodríguez C, Romero E, Garrido-Sanchez L, Alcaín-Martínez G, Andrade RJ, Taminiau B, et al. Microbiota insights in clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes. 2020 nov 9;12(1):17252201949-0976http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3701Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is characterized by chronic intestinal inflammation that includes Crohn´s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Although the etiology is still unknown, some specific factors have been directly related to IBD, including genetic factors, abnormal intestinal immunity, and/or gut microbiota modifications. Recent findings highlight the primary role of the gut microbiota closely associated with a persistent inappropriate inflammatory response. This gut environment of dysbiosis in a susceptible IBD host can increasingly worsen and lead to colonization and infection with some opportunistic pathogens, especially Clostridium difficile. C. difficile is an intestinal pathogen considered the main cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea and colitis and an important complication of IBD, which can trigger or worsen an IBD flare. Recent findings have highlighted the loss of bacterial cooperation in the gut ecosystem, as well as the pronounced intestinal dysbiosis, in patients suffering from IBD and concomitant C. difficile infection (CDI). The results of intestinal microbiota studies are still limited and often difficult to compare because of the variety of disease conditions. However, these data provide important clues regarding the main modifications and interrelations in the complicated gut ecosystem to better understand both diseases and to take advantage of the development of new therapeutic strategies. In this review, we analyze in depth the gut microbiota changes associated with both forms of IBD and CDI and their similarity with the dysbiosis that occurs in CDI. We also discuss the metabolic pathways that favor the proliferation or decrease in several important taxa directly related to the disease.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/C. difficileInflammatory bowel diseaseMicrobial communitiesMicrobial metabolitesInteractionsClostridioides difficileEnfermedades inflamatorias del intestinoMicrobiotaMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::DysbiosisMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Digestive System Diseases::Gastrointestinal Diseases::Gastroenteritis::EnterocolitisMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Microbiological Phenomena::MicrobiotaMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Digestive System Diseases::Gastrointestinal Diseases::Intestinal Diseases::Inflammatory Bowel DiseasesMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Digestive System::Gastrointestinal Tract::IntestinesMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Digestive System Diseases::Gastrointestinal Diseases::Intestinal Diseases::Colonic Diseases::Colitis::Colitis, UlcerativeMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Digestive System Diseases::Gastrointestinal Diseases::Intestinal Diseases::Inflammatory Bowel DiseasesMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Therapeutic Uses::Anti-Infective Agents::Anti-Bacterial AgentsMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Metabolic Phenomena::Metabolism::Metabolic Networks and PathwaysMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::InflammationMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Physiological Processes::Growth and Development::Growth::Cell Growth Processes::Cell ProliferationMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Signs and Symptoms::Signs and Symptoms, Digestive::Diarrheareview article32129694open access10.1080/19490976.2020.17252201949-0984PMC7524151