Hernández, DomingoAlonso-Titos, JuanaArmas-Padrón, Ana MariaLopez, VeronicaCabello, MercedesSola, EugeniaFuentes, LauraGutierrez, ElenaVazquez, TeresaJimenez, TamaraRuiz-Esteban, PedroGonzalez-Molina, Miguel2022-03-072022-03-072019-12-04Hernández D, Alonso-Titos J, Armas-Padrón AM, Lopez V, Cabello M, Sola E, et al. Waiting List and Kidney Transplant Vascular Risk: An Ongoing Unmet Concern. Kidney Blood Press Res. 2020;45(1):1-27.1420-4096http://hdl.handle.net/10668/3464Background: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an important independent risk factor for adverse cardiovascular events in patients waitlisted for kidney transplantation (KT). Although KT reduces cardiovascular risk, these patients still have a higher all-cause and cardiovascular mortality than the general population. This concerning situation is due to a high burden of traditional and nontraditional risk factors as well as uremia-related factors and transplant-specific factors, leading to 2 differentiated processes under the framework of CKD, atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis. These can be initiated by insults to the vascular endothelial endothelium, leading to vascular calcification (VC) of the tunica media or the tunica intima, which may coexist. Several pathogenic mechanisms such as inflammation-related endothelial dysfunction, mineral metabolism disorders, activation of the renin-angiotensin system, reduction of nitric oxide, lipid disorders, and the fibroblast growth factor 23-klotho axis are involved in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, including VC. Summary: This review focuses on the current understanding of atherosclerosis and arteriosclerosis, both in patients on the waiting list as well as in kidney transplant recipients, emphasizing the cardiovascular risk factors in both populations and the inflammation-related pathogenic mechanisms. Key Message: The importance of cardiovascular risk factors and the pathogenic mechanisms related to inflammation in patients waitlisted for KT and kidney transplant recipients.27 p.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Chronic kidney diseaseWaiting-listKidney transplantationAtheromatosisArteriosclerosisVascular calcificationCardiovascular diseaseMortalityMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Cardiovascular DiseasesMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Surgical Procedures, Operative::Transplantation::Organ Transplantation::Kidney TransplantationMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Male Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, ChronicMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Epidemiologic Methods::Statistics as Topic::Probability::Risk::Risk FactorsMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Cardiovascular Diseases::Vascular DiseasesMedical Subject Headings::Health Care::Health Services Administration::Organization and Administration::Appointments and Schedules::Waiting ListsMedical Subject Headings::Diseases::Female Urogenital Diseases and Pregnancy Complications::Female Urogenital Diseases::Urologic Diseases::Kidney Diseases::Renal Insufficiency::Renal Insufficiency, Chronicresearch article31801144open access10.1159/0005045461423-0143