Lukovic, DunjaDiez Lloret, AndreaStojkovic, PetraRodríguez-Martínez, DanielPerez Arago, Maria AmparoRodriguez-Jimenez, Francisco JavierGonzález-Rodríguez, PatriciaLópez-Barneo, JoséSykova, EvaJendelova, PavlaKostic, JelenaMoreno-Manzano, VictoriaStojkovic, MiodragBhattacharya, Shomi SErceg, Slaven2023-01-252023-01-252017-02-182157-6564http://hdl.handle.net/10668/10878Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) can produce a valuable and robust source of human neural cell subtypes, holding great promise for the study of neurogenesis and development, and for treating neurological diseases. However, current hESCs and hiPSCs neural differentiation protocols require either animal factors or embryoid body formation, which decreases efficiency and yield, and strongly limits medical applications. Here we develop a simple, animal-free protocol for neural conversion of both hESCs and hiPSCs in adherent culture conditions. A simple medium formula including insulin induces the direct conversion of >98% of hESCs and hiPSCs into expandable, transplantable, and functional neural progenitors with neural rosette characteristics. Further differentiation of neural progenitors into dopaminergic and spinal motoneurons as well as astrocytes and oligodendrocytes indicates that these neural progenitors retain responsiveness to instructive cues revealing the robust applicability of the protocol in the treatment of different neurodegenerative diseases. The fact that this protocol includes animal-free medium and human extracellular matrix components avoiding embryoid bodies makes this protocol suitable for the use in clinic. Stem Cells Translational Medicine 2017;6:1217-1226.enAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Cellular therapyClinical translationDifferentiationEmbryonic stem cellsInduced pluripotent stem cellsNeural differentiationPluripotent stem cellsCell DifferentiationCell- and Tissue-Based TherapyCells, CulturedEmbryonic Stem CellsHumansInduced Pluripotent Stem CellsPluripotent Stem Cellsresearch article28213969open access10.1002/sctm.16-0371PMC5442830https://doi.org/10.1002/sctm.16-0371https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5442830/pdf