Caro-Astorga, JoaquínFrenzel, ElrikePerkins, James R.Álvarez-Mena, Anade Vicente, AntonioRanea, Juan A. G.Kuipers, Oscar P.Romero, Diego2022-09-092022-09-092020-01-15Caro-Astorga J, Frenzel E, Perkins JR, Álvarez-Mena A, de Vicente A, Ranea JAG, et al. Biofilm formation displays intrinsic offensive and defensive features of Bacillus cereus. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes. 2020 Jan 15;6:3http://hdl.handle.net/10668/4026Biofilm formation is a strategy of many bacterial species to adapt to a variety of stresses and has become a part of infections, contaminations, or beneficial interactions. In this study, we demonstrate that profound physiological changes permit Bacillus cereus to switch from a floating to a sessile lifestyle, to undergo further maturation of the biofilm and to differentiate into the offensive or defensive features. We report that floating and biofilm cells are populations that differentiate metabolically, with members of each subpopulation developing different branches of certain metabolic pathways. Secondly, biofilm populations rearrange nucleotides, sugars, amino acids, and energy metabolism. Thirdly, this metabolic rearrangement coexists with: the synthesis of the extracellular matrix, sporulation, reinforcement of the cell wall, activation of the ROS detoxification machinery and production of secondary metabolites. This strategy contributes to defend biofilm cells from competitors. However, floating cells maintain a fermentative metabolic status that ensures a higher aggressiveness against hosts, evidenced by the production of toxins. The maintenance of the two distinct subpopulations is an effective strategy to face different environmental conditions found in the life styles of B. cereus.enAtribución 4.0 Internacionalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/BiofilmsNext-generation sequencingBacillus cereusBiopelículasSecuenciación de nucleótidos de alto rendimientoMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Bacteria::Gram-Positive Bacteria::Bacillales::Bacillaceae::Bacillus::Bacillus cereusMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Microbiological Phenomena::Bacterial Physiological Phenomena::Bacterial Processes::Bacterial AdhesionMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Bacterial ProteinsMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Microbiological Phenomena::BiofilmsMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Cells::Cells, Cultured::Cell LineMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Metabolic Phenomena::Metabolism::Energy MetabolismMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Chemical Phenomena::Chemical Processes::Biochemical Processes::Carbohydrate Metabolism::FermentationMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Genetic Techniques::Gene Expression ProfilingMedical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Genetic Phenomena::Genetic Processes::Gene Expression Regulation::Gene Expression Regulation, BacterialMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Cells::Cells, Cultured::Cell Line::Cell Line, Tumor::HeLa CellsMedical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::HumansMedical Subject Headings::Disciplines and Occupations::Natural Science Disciplines::Biological Science Disciplines::Biochemistry::ProteomicsMedical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Inorganic Chemicals::Oxygen Compounds::Reactive Oxygen SpeciesMedical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Investigative Techniques::Genetic Techniques::Sequence Analysis::Sequence Analysis, RNAMedical Subject Headings::Anatomy::Cells::Spores::Spores, Bacterialresearch article31969984open access10.1038/s41522-019-0112-72055-5008PMC6962202