%0 Journal Article
%A Straat, Maaike E
%A Martinez-Tellez, Borja
%A Sardjoe Mishre, Aashley
%A Verkleij, Magdalena M A
%A Kemmeren, Mirjam
%A Pelsma, Iris C M
%A Alcantara, Juan M A
%A Mendez-Gutierrez, Andrea
%A Kooijman, Sander
%A Boon, Mariëtte R
%A Rensen, Patrick C N
%T Cold-Induced Thermogenesis Shows a Diurnal Variation That Unfolds Differently in Males and Females.
%D 2022
%U http://hdl.handle.net/10668/20392
%X Cold exposure mobilizes lipids to feed thermogenic processes in organs, including brown adipose tissue (BAT). In rodents, BAT metabolic activity exhibits a diurnal rhythm, which is highest at the start of the wakeful period. We investigated whether cold-induced thermogenesis displays diurnal variation in humans and differs between the sexes. This randomized crossover study included 24 young and lean male (n = 12) and female (n = 12) participants who underwent 2.5-hour personalized cooling using water-perfused mattresses in the morning (7:45 am) and evening (7:45 pm), with 1 day in between. We measured energy expenditure (EE) and supraclavicular skin temperature in response to cold exposure. In males, cold-induced EE was higher in the morning than in the evening (+54% ± 10% vs +30% ± 7%; P = 0.05) but did not differ between morning and evening in females (+37% ± 9% vs +30% ± 10%; P = 0.42). Only in males, supraclavicular skin temperature upon cold increased more in morning than evening (+0.2 ± 0.1 °C vs -0.2 ± 0.2 °C; P = 0.05). In males, circulating free fatty acid (FFA) levels were increased after morning cold exposure, but not evening (+90% ± 18% vs +9% ± 8%; P  Cold-induced thermogenesis is higher in morning than evening in males; however, lipid metabolism is more modulated in the morning than the evening in females.
%K brown adipose tissue
%K cardiometabolic health
%K circadian rhythm
%K cold stimulus
%K gender differences
%K metabolism
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