Publication:
Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient. Update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: Septic patient

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2011-11

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Grupo Aula Médica, S.L.
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Abstract

El manejo metabólico nutricional constituye, junto al resto de medidas de tratamiento y soporte, uno de los pilares del tratamiento del paciente séptico. Debe iniciarse precozmente, tras la resucitación inicial, con el objetivo de evitar las consecuencias de la desnutrición, proveer el adecuado aporte de nutrientes y prevenir el desarrollo de complicaciones secundarias como la sobreinfección y el fracaso multiorgánico. Al igual que en el resto de pacientes críticos, cuando la ruta enteral es insuficiente para asegurar las necesidades caloricoproteicas, la asociación de nutrición parenteral ha demostrado ser segura en este subgrupo de pacientes. Los estudios que evalúan el efecto de farmaconutrientes específicos en el paciente séptico son escasos y no permiten establecer recomendaciones al respecto.Respecto a las dietas enterales con mezcla de sustratos con diferente capacidad farmaconutriente, su uso no parece aportar, hasta el momento actual, beneficios claros sobre la evolución de la sepsis respecto a las dietas estándar, aunque tampoco hay clara evidencia de que sean perjudiciales. A pesar de que no hay suficiente evidencia para recomendar el empleo de glutamina en el paciente séptico que recibe nutrición parenteral, éste podría beneficiarse de su uso, dados los buenos resultados y la ausencia de efectos adversos atribuible a la glutamina en los diferentes estudios llevados a cabo en el conjunto de pacientes críticos. No se puede recomendar el empleo rutinario de ácidos grasos ?-3 hasta que dispongamos de mayor evidencia, aunque debe evitarse en estos pacientes el empleo de emulsiones lipídicas con alto contenido en ácidos grasos ?-6. El paciente séptico debe recibir un adecuado aporte de oligoelementos y vitaminas. El empleo de selenio a dosis altas requiere de más estudios para poder recomendarlo.
Nutritional metabolic management, together with other treatment and support measures used, is one of the mainstays of the treatment of septic patients. Nutritional support should be started early, after initial life support measures, to avoid the consequences of malnutrition, to provide adequate nutritional intake and to prevent the development of secondary complications such as superinfection or multiorgan failure. As in other critically-ill patients, when the enteral route cannot be used to ensure calorie-protein requirements, the association of parenteral nutrition has been shown to be safe in this subgroup of patients. Studies evaluating the effect of specific pharmaconutrients in septic patients are scarce and are insufficient to allow recommendations to be made. To date, enteral diets with a mixture of substrates with distinct pharmaconutrient properties do not seem to be superior to standard diets in altering the course of sepsis, although equally there is no evidence that these diets are harmful. There is insufficient evidence to recommend the use of glutamine in septic patients receiving parenteral nutrition. However, given the good results and absence of glutamine-related adverse effects in the various studies performed in the general population of critically-ill patients, these patients could benefit from the use of this substance. Routine use of omega-3 fatty acids cannot be recommended until further evidence has been gathered, although the use of lipid emulsions with a high omega-6 fatty acid content should be avoided. Septic patients should receive an adequate supply of essential trace elements and vitamins. Further studies are required before the use of high-dose selenium can be recommended.

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Guideline; Journal Article; Review;

MeSH Terms

Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Amino Acids::Amino Acids, Basic::Arginine
Medical Subject Headings::Psychiatry and Psychology::Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms::Psychology, Social::Group Processes::Consensus
Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Disease Attributes::Critical Illness
Medical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Diet
Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Proteins::Dietary Proteins
Medical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Therapeutics::Feeding Methods::Enteral Nutrition
Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Pharmaceutical Preparations::Dosage Forms::Colloids::Emulsions::Fat Emulsions, Intravenous
Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins::Amino Acids::Amino Acids, Neutral::Glutamine
Medical Subject Headings::Organisms::Eukaryota::Animals::Chordata::Vertebrates::Mammals::Primates::Haplorhini::Catarrhini::Hominidae::Humans
Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Pathological Conditions, Signs and Symptoms::Pathologic Processes::Shock::Multiple Organ Failure
Medical Subject Headings::Phenomena and Processes::Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Physiological Phenomena::Nutritional Requirements
Medical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Therapeutics::Nutrition Therapy::Nutritional Support
Medical Subject Headings::Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment::Therapeutics::Feeding Methods::Parenteral Nutrition
Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Bacterial Infections and Mycoses::Infection::Sepsis
Medical Subject Headings::Diseases::Bacterial Infections and Mycoses::Infection::Sepsis::Shock, Septic
Medical Subject Headings::Chemicals and Drugs::Chemical Actions and Uses::Pharmacologic Actions::Molecular Mechanisms of Pharmacological Action::Antioxidants

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Keywords

Sepsis, Septic shock, Glutamine, Arginine, Shock séptico, Glutamina, Arginina

Citation

Ortiz Leyba C, Montejo González JC, Vaquerizo Alonso C. Guidelines for specialized nutritional and metabolic support in the critically-ill patient: update. Consensus SEMICYUC-SENPE: septic patient. Nutr Hosp. 2011; 26 Suppl 2:67-71